The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine [2 Volume Set]

The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine- Volume 1
	Front Cover
		Front Matter
		Other Series
		Copyright
		Section Editors
		Foreword
		Foreword
		Preface
		Contents
		Symbols and abbreviations
		Key to recommendation tables and levels of evidence
		Contributors
	PART 1 Introduction to the cardiovascular system
		SECTION 1 Cardiovascular history and physical examination
			Chapter 1.1 Approach to cardiovascular assessment
			Chapter 1.2 Cardiovascular symptoms
			Chapter 1.3 Cardiovascular signs
		SECTION 2 Developmental biology of the heart
			Chapter 2.1 Cardiac embryogenesis
			Chapter 2.2 The molecular basis of cardiac embryogenesis
			Chapter 2.3 From heartforming region to ballooning chambers
			Chapter 2.4 Development of the ventricles and valves
			Chapter 2.5 Development of the cardiac conduction system
			Chapter 2.6 Epicardial and coronary vascular development
			Chapter 2.7 Cardiomyocyte development from midgestation through preadolescence
		SECTION 3 Functional anatomy of the heart
			Chapter 3.1 Introduction
			Chapter 3.2 Cardiac anatomy in the interventional era: an overview
			Chapter 3.3 Normal conduction system, coronary arteries, and coronary veins
			Chapter 3.4 Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures
			Chapter 3.5 The heart as a functional unit
			Chapter 3.6 Ventricular structure and function
			Chapter 3.7 Functional anatomy of atria
			Chapter 3.8 Functional anatomy of left heart valves
			Chapter 3.9 Functional anatomy of right heart valves
			Chapter 3.10 Functional anatomy of myocardial perfusion
		SECTION 4 Cardiovascular physiology
			Chapter 4.1 The heart as a pump: governing principles
			Chapter 4.2 Cardiac electrophysiology
			Chapter 4.3 Cardiovascular physiology: regulation of coronary circulation
			Chapter 4.4 Regulation of blood pressure
			Chapter 4.5 Heart/ kidney interactions
			Chapter 4.6 Cardiovascular response to exercise
			Chapter 4.7 Cardiovascular response to mental stress
			Chapter 4.8 The cardiovascular system during sleep
			Chapter 4.9 The ageing heart
			Chapter 4.10 Alterations in cardiovascular physiology in pathological states
		SECTION 5 Cardiovascular pharmacology
			Chapter 5.1 Renin– angiotensin system and neprilysin
			Chapter 5.2 Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
			Chapter 5.3 Autonomic nervous system drugs
			Chapter 5.4 Pharmacology of vasodilators
			Chapter 5.5 Positive inotropes
			Chapter 5.6 Antiarrhythmics
			Chapter 5.7 Pharmacology of oral antiplatelet drugs
			Chapter 5.8 Fibrinolytic therapy
			Chapter 5.9 Lipidlowering drugs
			Chapter 5.10 Oral diabetes treatments and cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 5.11 Renal pharmacology for the cardiologist
			Chapter 5.12 Potassium binders
			Chapter 5.13 Cardiovascular effects of noncardiovascular drugs
			Chapter 5.14 Drug– drug interactions
			Chapter 5.15 Local drugs in interventional cardiology pharmacology
		SECTION 6 Anticoagulation
			Chapter 6.1 An overview of haemostasis, in relation to atherothrombotic, thromboembolic, and venous cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 6.2 Current targets of anticoagulants
			Chapter 6.3 Epidemiology of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in heart disease
			Chapter 6.4 Unfractionated heparin
			Chapter 6.5 Lowmolecularweight heparin
			Chapter 6.6 Fondaparinux and its derivatives
			Chapter 6.7 Bivalirudin and argatroban
			Chapter 6.8 Reversal of parenteral anticoagulants
			Chapter 6.9 Vitamin K antagonists
			Chapter 6.10 The NOACs: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
			Chapter 6.11 The NOACs: clinical pharmacology
			Chapter 6.12 The NOACs in special situations: the elderly, renal impairment, and combination with antiplatelet agents or thrombo
			Chapter 6.13 Reversal of oral anticoagulants
			Chapter 6.14 Epidemiological data on the use of traditional anticoagulants in cardiovascular disease
		SECTION 7 Epidemiology and global burden
			Chapter 7.1 Strategies for assessment of global disease burden
			Chapter 7.2 Epidemiology and global burden of hypertension
			Chapter 7.3 Epidemiology and global burden of ischaemic heart disease
			Chapter 7.4 Epidemiology and global burden of cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 7.5 Epidemiology and global burden of arrhythmias
			Chapter 7.6 Epidemiology and global burden of rheumatic heart disease
			Chapter 7.7 Epidemiology and global burden of myocarditis and pericarditis
			Chapter 7.8 Epidemiology and global burden of infective endocarditis
			Chapter 7.9 Epidemiology and global burden of peripheral arterial disease and aortic aneurysms
	PART 2 Investigations
		SECTION 8 Electrocardiogram
			Chapter 8.1 Introduction
			Chapter 8.2 Atrial abnormalities
			Chapter 8.3 Ventricular hypertrophy
			Chapter 8.4 Intraventricular conduction disturbances
			Chapter 8.5 ECG patterns of ischaemia and necrosis
			Chapter 8.6 ECG patterns related to arrhythmias and sudden death: channelopathies, early repolarization, and preexcitation
			Chapter 8.7 ECG in syncope, palpitations, dyspnoea, and chest pain
			Chapter 8.8 The abnormal ECG without apparent heart disease and the normal ECG in serious heart diseases: two extremes
			Chapter 8.9 Ambulatory ECG monitoring
		SECTION 9 Chest radiography
			Chapter 9.1 Normal anatomy with a focus on the cardiac silhouette and the great vessels
			Chapter 9.2 Pulmonary venous hypertension
			Chapter 9.3 Pulmonary arterial hypertension and acute and chronic thromboembolism
			Chapter 9.4 Pulmonary infections
			Chapter 9.5 Focal abnormalities
			Chapter 9.6 Lines, tubes, and implantable devices
		SECTION 10 Cardiac ultrasound
			Chapter 10.1 Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking
			Chapter 10.2 Technical equipment for echocardiography
			Chapter 10.3 Transthoracic echocardiography and the standard examination of specific cardiac structures
			Chapter 10.4 Stress echocardiography
			Chapter 10.5 Contrast echocardiography
			Chapter 10.6 Threedimensional echocardiography
			Chapter 10.7 Coronary heart disease
			Chapter 10.8 Hypertension and diabetes
			Chapter 10.9 Transoesophageal echocardiography
			Chapter 10.10 Left ventricular function, heart failure, and resynchronization therapy
			Chapter 10.11 Assist devices
			Chapter 10.12 Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart
			Chapter 10.13 Cardiac valves
			Chapter 10.14 Echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation
			Chapter 10.15 Transcatheter mitral valve repair: from edgetoedge to annuloplasty
			Chapter 10.16 Prosthetic valve evaluation
			Chapter 10.17 Pulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle
			Chapter 10.18 Echocardiographic assessment: diseases of the aorta
			Chapter 10.19 Atrial fibrillation, cardiogenic embolism, and tumors
			Chapter 10.20 Emergency echocardiography
		SECTION 11 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
			Chapter 11.1 Normal anatomy and function
			Chapter 11.2 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics, techniques, and contrast agents
			Chapter 11.3 Coronary artery disease
			Chapter 11.4 Cardiomyopathies
			Chapter 11.5 Congenital heart disease
			Chapter 11.6 Valvular heart disease
			Chapter 11.7 Atherosclerosis imaging
			Chapter 11.8 Angiography
			Chapter 11.9 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in less common pathologies
		SECTION 12 Cardiovascular computed tomography
			Chapter 12.1 Technology of cardiac computed tomography
			Chapter 12.2 Coronary calcium
			Chapter 12.3 Coronary computed tomography angiography: detection of coronary artery stenosis
			Chapter 12.4 Coronary computed tomography angiography: imaging of coronary atherosclerotic plaque
			Chapter 12.5 Computed tomography myocardial perfusion
			Chapter 12.6 Computed tomography for cardiac morphology, function, and valve disease
			Chapter 12.7 Computed tomography for cardiac interventions
		SECTION 13 Nuclear cardiology and positron emission tomography
			Chapter 13.1 Basic principles and technological state of the art: SPECT
			Chapter 13.2 Basic principles and technological state of the art: PET
			Chapter 13.3 Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging
			Chapter 13.4 Assessment of coronary artery disease: chronic stable angina
			Chapter 13.5 Assessment of coronary artery disease: imagingguided management and therapy
			Chapter 13.6 Integration of stress nuclear imaging in the diagnostic and management algorithms of stable coronary artery disease
			Chapter 13.7 Assessment of coronary artery disease: nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging in specific patient populations
			Chapter 13.8 Heart failure
			Chapter 13.9 Endocarditis and device infection
			Chapter 13.10 Infiltrative disease (amyloidosis/ sarcoidosis)
			Chapter 13.11 Future potential
		SECTION 14 Invasive imaging and haemodynamics
			Chapter 14.1 Haemodynamic data
			Chapter 14.2 Coronary angiography and ventriculography
			Chapter 14.3 Intravascular ultrasound imaging
			Chapter 14.4 Optical coherence tomography
			Chapter 14.5 Nearinfrared spectroscopy
			Chapter 14.6 Functional coronary assessment: fractional flow reserve
			Chapter 14.7 Functional coronary assessment: instantaneous wavefree ratio and other indices
		SECTION 15 Selection of imaging techniques
			Chapter 15.1 Choice of imaging techniques
	PART 3 Heart diseases
		SECTION 16 Genetics of cardiovascular diseases
			Chapter 16.1 Introduction
			Chapter 16.2 Genetic counselling
			Chapter 16.3 Principles of cascade screening
			Chapter 16.4 Principles of molecular genetic testing
			Chapter 16.5 Basic principles of genetic disease
			Chapter 16.6 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— long QT syndrome
			Chapter 16.7 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— short QT syndrome
			Chapter 16.8 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— Brugada syndrome
			Chapter 16.9 Monogenic and oligogenic cardiovascular diseases: genetics of arrhythmias— catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricula
			Chapter 16.10 Postmortem genetic testing in sudden death cases
			Chapter 16.11 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 16.12 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: dilated cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 16.13 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: left ventricular noncompaction
			Chapter 16.14 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 16.15 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: cardiac manifestations of genetic mitochondrial diseases
			Chapter 16.16 Genetics of cardiomyopathies: myocardial infiltration
			Chapter 16.17 Genetics of vascular disease: Marfan syndrome and aortic disease
			Chapter 16.18 Structural diseases of the heart: genetics of congenital heart diseases
			Chapter 16.19 Structural diseases of the heart: syndromes affecting the cardiovascular system
			Chapter 16.20 Complex cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis— genetic factors
			Chapter 16.21 Complex cardiovascular diseases: dyslipidaemias— genetic factors
			Chapter 16.22 Complex cardiovascular diseases: genetic determinants of atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 16.23 Complex cardiovascular diseases: the genetics of arterial hypertension
		SECTION 17 Congenital heart disease in children and adults
			Chapter 17.1 Introduction
			Chapter 17.2 Nomenclature
			Chapter 17.3 Epidemiology and incidence
			Chapter 17.4 Aetiology, genes, and environment
			Chapter 17.5 Fetal circulation and perinatal programming
			Chapter 17.6 Clinical presentations and initial investigations
			Chapter 17.7 Echocardiography
			Chapter 17.8 Crosssectional imaging/ modelling
			Chapter 17.9 Functional testing
			Chapter 17.10 Electrophysiological abnormalities and Arrhythmias
			Chapter 17.11 Interventional catheterization
			Chapter 17.12 Longterm outcomes
			Chapter 17.13 Arterial disease in the young
			Chapter 17.14 Contraception and pregnancy
			Chapter 17.15 Pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 17.16 Heart failure
			Chapter 17.17 Support/Transplantation
			Chapter 17.18 Atrial septal defect
			Chapter 17.19 Atrioventricular septal defect
			Chapter 17.20 Ventricular septal defect
			Chapter 17.21 Patent ductus arteriosus
			Chapter 17.22 Pulmonary valve stenosis
			Chapter 17.23 Vascular rings
			Chapter 17.24 Aortic stenosis and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
			Chapter 17.25 Coarctation
			Chapter 17.26 Tetralogy of Fallot
			Chapter 17.27 Ebstein’s anomaly
			Chapter 17.28 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
			Chapter 17.29 Single ventricle/ total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan circulation)
			Chapter 17.30 Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
			Chapter 17.31 Complete transposition of the great arteries
			Chapter 17.32 Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries
		SECTION 18 Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation
			Chapter 18.1 Introduction
			Chapter 18.2 Cardiovascular risk estimation at the individual level
			Chapter 18.3 Risk factor management at the level of the individual using lifestyle changes
			Chapter 18.4 Risk factor intervention at the population level
			Chapter 18.5 Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training
			Chapter 18.6 Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation
			Chapter 18.7 Settings and stakeholders
		SECTION 19 Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
			Chapter 19.1 Introduction
			Chapter 19.2 Dysglycaemia: definition, classification, and diagnosis
			Chapter 19.3 Vascular complications of dysglycaemia
			Chapter 19.4 Cardiovascular risk assessment in diabetes and prediabetes
			Chapter 19.5 Preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with dysglycaemia
			Chapter 19.6 Special conditions: acute coronary syndromes
			Chapter 19.7 Special conditions: revascularization
			Chapter 19.8 Diabetes and heart failure
			Chapter 19.9 Diabetes and arrhythmias
			Chapter 19.10 Diabetes and lower extremity arterial disease
			Chapter 19.11 Special conditions: kidney disease
			Chapter 19.12 Personcentred care
		SECTION 20 Heart and the brain
			Chapter 20.1 Acute ischaemic stroke: classification and diagnosis
			Chapter 20.2 Impact of stroke on heart function
			Chapter 20.3 Causes of cardioembolic stroke
			Chapter 20.4 Embolic stroke of undetermined source
			Chapter 20.5 Treatment of acute stroke
			Chapter 20.6 Closure of a patent foramen ovale for the prevention of stroke
			Chapter 20.7 Secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 20.8 Management of vascular risk factors and comorbidities in secondary stroke prevention
			Chapter 20.9 Intracranial haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulants
			Chapter 20.10 Atrial fibrillation and dementia
		SECTION 21 Cardiovascular problems in chronic kidney disease
			Chapter 21.1 Epidemiology and chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor
			Chapter 21.2 Causes of death in renal disease
			Chapter 21.3 Pathophysiology
			Chapter 21.4 Cardiovascular imaging in chronic kidney disease
			Chapter 21.5 Prevention and drug therapy in chronic kidney disease
			Chapter 21.6 Device therapy in chronic kidney disease (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy
			Chapter 21.7 Special considerations in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy and kidney transplant patients
		SECTION 22 Erectile dysfunction
			Chapter 22.1 Sex and the heart
			Chapter 22.2 Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem
			Chapter 22.3 Asking
			Chapter 22.4 Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 22.5 Testosterone, erectile dysfunction, and the heart
			Chapter 22.6 Sexual function and dysfunction in women (and the effect for the couple)
			Chapter 22.7 Lifestyle issues
			Chapter 22.8 Drugs
			Chapter 22.9 Surgery
			Chapter 22.10 Management of a patient with erectile dysfunction with or without known cardiovascular disease
		SECTION 23 Lung disease
			Chapter 23.1 Epidemiological relationships between respiratory and cardiovascular diseases
			Chapter 23.2 Longterm oxygen therapy/ ventilation and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic lung and respiratory diseases
			Chapter 23.3 Effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment on cardiovascular outcome
			Chapter 23.4 Muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure
			Chapter 23.5 Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease and heart failure
			Chapter 23.6 Sleep apnoea: definition, prevalence, and role in cardiovascular diseases
			Chapter 23.7 Sleeprelated breathing disorders: classification and diagnosis
			Chapter 23.8 Sleep apnoea: treatment options and sleep/ cardiovascular outcome
			Chapter 23.9 Beyond positive airway pressure therapy: experimental and nonconventional treatments in sleep apnoea
			Chapter 23.10 Atmospheric pollution and cardiovascular risk
			Chapter 23.11 Highaltitude pulmonary oedema
		SECTION 24 Gastrointestinal disease
			Chapter 24.1 Introduction
			Chapter 24.2 Gut microbiome, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis
			Chapter 24.3 Gut microbiota and coronary artery disease
			Chapter 24.4 The gut and cardiovascular diseases
			Chapter 24.5 Intestinal absorption and drug levels
			Chapter 24.6 Chronic heart failure and liver function
			Chapter 24.7 Proteinlosing enteropathy associated with heart disease
		SECTION 25 Rheumatoid arthritis and the heart
			Chapter 25.1 Introduction
			Chapter 25.2 Mechanisms of inflammation
			Chapter 25.3 Inflammatory diseases: inflammation and cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 25.4 Rheumatoid arthritis: basic mechanisms in joints
			Chapter 25.5 Antiinflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 25.6 Treatment aims in rheumatoid arthritis
			Chapter 25.7 Inflammatory bowel disease: basic mechanisms
			Chapter 25.8 Inflammatory bowel disease and the heart
			Chapter 25.9 Psoriasis
		SECTION 26 Rheumatic heart disease
			Chapter 26.1 Introduction
			Chapter 26.2 Epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
			Chapter 26.3 Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease
			Chapter 26.4 Clinical features and diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever
			Chapter 26.5 Echocardiography in acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
			Chapter 26.6 Prevention and definitive therapy of acute rheumatic fever
			Chapter 26.7 Chronic rheumatic disease
			Chapter 26.8 Clinical scenarios in chronic rheumatic heart disease
			Chapter 26.9 Therapeutic options in chronic rheumatic heart disease
		SECTION 27 Cardiooncology
			Chapter 27.1 Introduction
			Chapter 27.2 Radiationinduced heart disease: surveillance and management
			Chapter 27.3 Surveillance for cardiotoxicity in patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy
			Chapter 27.4 Anthracyclinerelated cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis
			Chapter 27.5 Trastuzumabrelated cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, management, prophylaxis, and prognosis
			Chapter 27.6 Cardiovascular complications of novel kinase inhibitors
			Chapter 27.7 Cardiovascular complications of novel multiple myeloma treatments
			Chapter 27.8 Cardiovascular risk in men with prostate cancer
			Chapter 27.9 Cardiac arrhythmias and cancer therapies
		SECTION 28 HIV
			Chapter 28.1 Introduction
			Chapter 28.2 Epidemiology of HIVassociated cardiovascular complications
			Chapter 28.3 HIVassociated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis
			Chapter 28.4 Pericarditis and myopericarditis in HIV
			Chapter 28.5 Vascular disease: coronary, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
			Chapter 28.6 Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management
			Chapter 28.7 Antiretroviral treatment
		SECTION 29 Acute coronary syndromes
			Chapter 29.1 Introduction
			Chapter 29.2 The plaque
			Chapter 29.3 Epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes
			Chapter 29.4 General risk factors of acute coronary syndromes
			Chapter 29.5 Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes
			Chapter 29.6 Thrombotic response
			Chapter 29.7 Development of myocardial infarction
			Chapter 29.8 Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes
			Chapter 29.9 Treatment of nonST elevation acute coronary syndromes
			Chapter 29.10 Treatment of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes
		SECTION 30 Takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.1 Introduction
			Chapter 30.2 Incidence and definition of takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.3 Mechanisms of takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.4 Signal transduction pathways initiated by catecholamines in takotsubo syndrome: focus on nitrosative stress and ene
			Chapter 30.5 Triggers of takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.6 Clinical presentation of takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.7 Diagnostic testing in takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.8 ECG features and arrhythmias in takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.9 Comorbidities in takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.10 Management of takotsubo syndrome
			Chapter 30.11 Takotsubo syndrome complications, outcome, and prognosis
		SECTION 31 Chronic ischaemic heart disease
			Chapter 31.1 Introduction
			Chapter 31.2 Pathology of stable coronary artery disease
			Chapter 31.3 Pathophysiology of the coronary circulation
			Chapter 31.4 Myocardial ischaemia: definition and causes
			Chapter 31.5 Importance of the coronary collateral circulation
			Chapter 31.6 Coronary artery disease: from atherosclerosis to obstructive disease, inducible ischaemia, and the ischaemic cascad
			Chapter 31.7 Clinical symptoms of stable ischaemic heart disease
			Chapter 31.8 Noninvasive functional evaluation
			Chapter 31.9 Invasive and noninvasive (computed tomography) angiography
			Chapter 31.10 Invasive functional evaluation
			Chapter 31.11 Intracoronary imaging
			Chapter 31.12 Risk stratification and risk scores
			Chapter 31.13 Medical management: lifestyle and behavioural changes
			Chapter 31.14 Medical management: pharmacological therapy
			Chapter 31.15 Myocardial revascularization: symptomatic and prognostic indications
			Chapter 31.16 Costeffectiveness
			Chapter 31.17 Patient reported outcome measures in cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 31.18 Ischaemic heart disease and diabetes
			Chapter 31.19 Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting
			Chapter 31.20 Refractory angina
			Chapter 31.21 Chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 31.22 Microvascular angina
			Chapter 31.23 Vasospastic angina
		SECTION 32 Myocardial disease
			Chapter 32.1 Introduction
			Chapter 32.2 Classification of cardiomyopathies
			Chapter 32.3 General approach to diagnosis of cardiomyopathies
			Chapter 32.4 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics
			Chapter 32.5 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosis and assessment of symptoms
			Chapter 32.6 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: medical management of heart failure symptoms and arrhythmias
			Chapter 32.7 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: invasive management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
			Chapter 32.8 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevention of sudden cardiac death
			Chapter 32.9 Dilated cardiomyopathy: genetics
			Chapter 32.10 Dilated cardiomyopathy: clinical diagnosis and medical management
			Chapter 32.11 Dilated cardiomyopathy: management of arrhythmia and prevention of sudden cardiac death
			Chapter 32.12 Restrictive cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 32.13 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics
			Chapter 32.14 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis
			Chapter 32.15 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: management of symptoms and prevention of sudden cardiac death
			Chapter 32.16 Left ventricular noncompaction: genetics and embryology
			Chapter 32.17 Left ventricular noncompaction: diagnosis and clinical management
			Chapter 32.18 Myocarditis: aetiology and histopathological diagnosis
			Chapter 32.19 Myocarditis: clinical presentation
			Chapter 32.20 Myocarditis: imaging techniques
			Chapter 32.21 Myocarditis: treatment of myocarditis
			Chapter 32.22 The heart in neuromuscular disease: primary mitochondrial diseases
			Chapter 32.23 The heart in neuromuscular disease: myotonic dystrophy
			Chapter 32.24 The heart in neuromuscular disease: Duchenne and limb girdle muscular dystrophies
			Chapter 32.25 The heart in inherited metabolic disorders: lysosomal and glycogen storage diseases
			Chapter 32.26 Cardiac amyloidosis
			Chapter 32.27 Peripartum cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 32.28 Childhood cardiomyopathy
	Index
The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine- Volume 2
	Front Cover
		Front Matter
		Other Series
		Copyright
		Section Editors
		Foreword
		Foreword
		Preface
		Contents
		Symbols and abbreviations
		Key to recommendationtables and levels of evidence
		Contributors
	PART 3 Heart diseases
		SECTION 33 Pericardial disease
			Chapter 33.1 Overview of pericardial syndromes
			Chapter 33.2 Acute and recurrent pericarditis
			Chapter 33.3 Pericardial effusion
			Chapter 33.4 Cardiac tamponade
			Chapter 33.5 Constrictive pericarditis
			Chapter 33.6 Pericardial masses and congenital abnormalities
			Chapter 33.7 Pericardial involvement in neoplastic disease
			Chapter 33.8 Multimodality imaging of pericardial diseases
			Chapter 33.9 Interventional therapies for pericardial diseases
			Chapter 33.10 Surgical therapies for pericardial disease
			Chapter 33.11 What next?
		SECTION 34 Tumours of the heart
			Chapter 34.1 Masses and cardiac tumours: classification and diagnosis
			Chapter 34.2 Benign cardiac tumours
			Chapter 34.3 Malignant tumours, pericardial tumours, and therapy
		SECTION 35 Valvular heart disease
			Chapter 35.1 Introduction and general comments
			Chapter 35.2 Aortic regurgitation
			Chapter 35.3 Aortic stenosis
			Chapter 35.4 Mitral regurgitation
			Chapter 35.5 Mitral stenosis
			Chapter 35.6 Tricuspid regurgitation
			Chapter 35.7 Tricuspid stenosis
			Chapter 35.8 Combined and multiple valve diseases
			Chapter 35.9 Prosthetic valves
			Chapter 35.10 Management during noncardiac surgery
			Chapter 35.11 Management during pregnancy
		SECTION 36 Infective endocarditis
			Chapter 36.1 Epidemiology and physiopathology
			Chapter 36.2 Diagnosis
			Chapter 36.3 Prognosis and complications
			Chapter 36.4 Prosthetic valve endocarditis
			Chapter 36.5 Cardiac devicerelated endocarditis
			Chapter 36.6 Rightsided infective endocarditis
			Chapter 36.7 Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
			Chapter 36.8 Congenital heart disease
			Chapter 36.9 Indications for surgery: guidelines
			Chapter 36.10 Surgical techniques
			Chapter 36.11 Antibiotic prophylaxis and prevention of infective endocarditis
			Chapter 36.12 Conclusion and future directions
		SECTION 37 Heart failure
			Chapter 37.1 Epidemiology of heart failure
			Chapter 37.2 Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFrEF
			Chapter 37.3 Definition, epidemiology, and burden of disease: HFpEF
			Chapter 37.4 Definitions: quality of life, health, and healthrelated quality of life
			Chapter 37.5 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: symptoms, signs, and the ECG
			Chapter 37.6 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: HFpEF
			Chapter 37.7 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: echocardiography
			Chapter 37.8 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
			Chapter 37.9 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: biomarkers
			Chapter 37.10 Chronic heart failure diagnosis: genetics
			Chapter 37.11 Estimating prognosis: prognostic scores
			Chapter 37.12 Estimating prognosis: biomarkers
			Chapter 37.13 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 37.14 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): diabetes mellitus
			Chapter 37.15 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): hypertension
			Chapter 37.16 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): renal dysfunction
			Chapter 37.17 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): anaemia/ iron deficiency
			Chapter 37.18 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): obesity, cachexia, sarcopenia, and the impact of nutrition
			Chapter 37.19 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): lung disease
			Chapter 37.20 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): sleepdisordered breathing
			Chapter 37.21 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): cancer
			Chapter 37.22 Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): valvular heart disease
			Chapter 37.23 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: diuretics
			Chapter 37.24 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: ACE Is and/ or AR Bs
			Chapter 37.25 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: angiotensin receptor– neprilysin inhibitors
			Chapter 37.26 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: beta blockers
			Chapter 37.27 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: ivabradine
			Chapter 37.28 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: digitalis glycosides
			Chapter 37.29 HFrEF pharmacological treatment: hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate
			Chapter 37.30 HFrEF other treatment: indications and results of implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchroniza
			Chapter 37.31 HFrEF other treatment: revascularization
			Chapter 37.32 HFrEF other treatment: ventricular assist devices
			Chapter 37.33 HFrEF other treatment: transplantation
			Chapter 37.34 HFrEF other treatment: nurseled heart failure management programmes
			Chapter 37.35 HFpEF treatment: pharmacological therapy
			Chapter 37.36 Patient monitoring in heart failure
			Chapter 37.37 Exercise rehabilitation in heart failure
			Chapter 37.38 Palliative care in heart failure
			Chapter 37.39 Acute heart failure: diagnosis
			Chapter 37.40 Acute heart failure: immediate management/ stabilization
			Chapter 37.41 Acute heart failure: treatment
		SECTION 38 Bradycardia
			Chapter 38.1 Introduction
			Chapter 38.2 Aetiology and epidemiology of bradyarrhythmias
			Chapter 38.3 Classification of bradyarrhythmias
			Chapter 38.4 Methods and tools for the diagnosis of intermittent and persistent bradycardia
			Chapter 38.5 Anatomy and physiology of the sinus node
			Chapter 38.6 The sinus node: normal and abnormal chronotropic response and drug effects
			Chapter 38.7 Sinus node disease: pathophysiology and natural history
			Chapter 38.8 Sinus node disease: ECG patterns and diagnosis
			Chapter 38.9 Sinus node disease: the role of electrophysiological testing
			Chapter 38.10 Atrial tachyarrhythmias in bradycardia– tachycardia syndrome: characterization and evolution
			Chapter 38.11 Anatomy and physiology of the atrioventricular node
			Chapter 38.12 Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis
			Chapter 38.13 Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: role of electrophysiology testing
			Chapter 38.14 Congenital atrioventricular block: clinical presentation, clinical evaluation, and management
			Chapter 38.15 Carotid sinus syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management
			Chapter 38.16 Bradycardia in athletes: clinical evaluation and management
			Chapter 38.17 Cardiac pacing: basic concepts
			Chapter 38.18 Temporary pacing
			Chapter 38.19 Permanent cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias: device coding
			Chapter 38.20 Pacing for bradycardia: device features and algorithms and clinical impact
			Chapter 38.21 Electrocardiographic patterns of cardiac pacemakers: normal and abnormal findings
			Chapter 38.22 Followup of pacemaker patients with bradyarrhythmias: scope of followup and organizational issues
			Chapter 38.23 Pacemakers in children and adolescents
			Chapter 38.24 Lead management
			Chapter 38.25 Electromagnetic interference in pacemaker patients
			Chapter 38.26 Pacemaker syndrome
		SECTION 39 Syncope
			Chapter 39.1 Definition, epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology
			Chapter 39.2 Diagnostic evaluation
			Chapter 39.3 Reflex syncope
			Chapter 39.4 Cardiac syncope
			Chapter 39.5 Orthostatic intolerance: orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
			Chapter 39.6 Unexplained syncope in patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death
			Chapter 39.7 Recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (versi
		SECTION 40 Supraventricular
tachycardias
			Chapter 40.1 Introduction
			Chapter 40.2 Epidemiology of supraventricular tachycardias
			Chapter 40.3 Atrial premature beats
			Chapter 40.4 Definitions, clinical presentation, symptoms, quality of life, and patient preferences
			Chapter 40.5 Differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardias
			Chapter 40.6 Acute management of supraventricular tachycardias with and without established diagnosis (termination and/ or rate
			Chapter 40.7 Management of rapid heartbeats/ tachycardias with rhythm or rate control in the absence of ECGverified diagnosis
			Chapter 40.8 Management of specific supraventricular tachycardias
			Chapter 40.9 Sinus noderelated tachycardias: physiological sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinus node reentr
			Chapter 40.10 Atrial tachycardias: focal and multifocal atrial tachycardias
			Chapter 40.11 Atrial tachycardias: macroreentrant atrial tachycardias, CTIdependent atrial flutter (clockwise, anticlockwise), a
			Chapter 40.12 Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia
			Chapter 40.13 Accessory pathwaysrelated tachycardias: Wolff– Parkinson– White syndrome and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardi
			Chapter 40.14 Concealed accessory pathways and related tachycardias
			Chapter 40.15 Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia
			Chapter 40.16 Preexcitation related to Mahaim physiology
			Chapter 40.17 Asymptomatic preexcitation
			Chapter 40.18 Nonreentrant junctional tachycardias
			Chapter 40.19 Health economy
		SECTION 41 Atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.1 Introduction
			Chapter 41.2 Epidemiology
			Chapter 41.3 Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: electrophysiological basis
			Chapter 41.4 Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: genetics
			Chapter 41.5 Mechanisms of atrial remodelling
			Chapter 41.6 Types of atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.7 Silent atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.8 Atrial fibrillation progression and prevention
			Chapter 41.9 Clinical investigation of patients presenting with atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.10 Management of acute presentation with atrial fibrillation rate control
			Chapter 41.11 Restoration of sinus rhythm: direct current cardioversion
			Chapter 41.12 Pharmacological cardioversion for atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.13 Rate control: medical therapy
			Chapter 41.14 Rate control: ablation and device therapy (ablate and pace)
			Chapter 41.15 Rhythm control: antiarrhythmic drugs
			Chapter 41.16 Development of atrial fibrillation catheter ablation and ablation strategies
			Chapter 41.17 Rhythm control: surgical ablation
			Chapter 41.18 Rate versus rhythm control therapy for atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.19 Followup of patients with atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.20 Stroke risk factors and risk stratification in atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.21 Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.22 Bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.23 Thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: device therapy and surgical techniques
			Chapter 41.24 Classification and mechanisms of atrial flutter
			Chapter 41.25 Atrial flutter: clinical presentation
			Chapter 41.26 Atrial flutter: management
			Chapter 41.27 Atrial fibrillation and heart failure
			Chapter 41.28 Atrial fibrillation and athletes
			Chapter 41.29 Atrial fibrillation in the elderly
			Chapter 41.30 Atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary surgery
			Chapter 41.31 Atrial fibrillation and hypertension
			Chapter 41.32 Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism
			Chapter 41.33 Atrial fibrillation and obesity
			Chapter 41.34 Atrial fibrillation and sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
			Chapter 41.35 Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease
			Chapter 41.36 Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy
			Chapter 41.37 Atrial fibrillation associated with adult congenital heart disease
			Chapter 41.38 Integrated care management in atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 41.39 Patient education
		SECTION 42 Ventricular tachycardia
			Chapter 42.1 Classification of ventricular tachycardias
			Chapter 42.2 Evaluation and acute management of wide QRS complex tachycardia
			Chapter 42.3 Classification and treatment of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
			Chapter 42.4 Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease: classification, assessment,
			Chapter 42.5 Bundle branch reentry tachycardia
			Chapter 42.6 Electrical storm
			Chapter 42.7 Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia: the role of catheter ablation
			Chapter 42.8 Sustained and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and no associated heart disease (idiopathic ventricular tachycar
			Chapter 42.9 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias including torsade de pointes
		SECTION 43 Sudden cardiac death
			Chapter 43.1 Epidemiology and underlying substrates
			Chapter 43.2 Arrhythmic mechanisms of sudden cardiac death: bradycardia and tachycardia
			Chapter 43.3 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in the general population
			Chapter 43.4 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.5 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in dilated cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.6 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.7 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.8 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders
			Chapter 43.9 New techniques for risk assessment in sudden cardiac death
			Chapter 43.10 Prevention of sudden cardiac death in the general population
			Chapter 43.11 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.12 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in ischaemic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.13 Primary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.14 Secondary prevention of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.15 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.16 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.17 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.18 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
			Chapter 43.19 Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia
			Chapter 43.20 Prevention of sudden cardiac death in primary electrical disorders
			Chapter 43.21 The implantable cardioverter defibrillator, conclusions on sudden cardiac death, and future perspective
		SECTION 44 Systemic hypertension
			Chapter 44.1 Epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension
			Chapter 44.2 Blood pressure measurement in hypertension: definition and classification of blood pressure levels
			Chapter 44.3 Target organ damage, cardiovascular disease risk, and clinical evaluation of the hypertensive patient
			Chapter 44.4 Secondary causes of hypertension
			Chapter 44.5 Blood pressure thresholds for treatment and blood pressure treatment targets in hypertension
			Chapter 44.6 Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular prevention
			Chapter 44.7 Drug treatment of hypertension
			Chapter 44.8 Devicebased treatment for hypertension
			Chapter 44.9 Hypertension in specific conditions/ comorbidities
			Chapter 44.10 Hypertension in special situations
	PART 4 Vascular disease
		SECTION 45 Pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.1 Introduction
			Chapter 45.2 Pulmonary hypertension: definition
			Chapter 45.3 Pulmonary hypertension: epidemiology
			Chapter 45.4 Pathophysiological mechanisms in pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.5 Pulmonary hypertension genes as major diagnostic tools
			Chapter 45.6 Mechanisms of right ventricular failure
			Chapter 45.7 Clinical presentation of pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.8 Lifethreatening complications of pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.9 Pulmonary hypertension: clinical classification
			Chapter 45.10 Echocardiographic findings in pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.11 Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension
			Chapter 45.12 Diagnosis and clinical investigation of patients presenting with pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.13 Management of pulmonary hypertension: basic treatment
			Chapter 45.14 Management of pulmonary hypertension: targeted therapies
			Chapter 45.15 Management of pulmonary hypertension: treatment algorithm
			Chapter 45.16 Lung transplantation in pulmonary arterial hypertension
			Chapter 45.17 Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
			Chapter 45.18 Heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension
			Chapter 45.19 Pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by drugs and toxins
			Chapter 45.20 Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease
			Chapter 45.21 Portopulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.22 Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart diseases
			Chapter 45.23 Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with HIV infection
			Chapter 45.24 Pulmonary venoocclusive disease and pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis
			Chapter 45.25 Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases
			Chapter 45.26 Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic lung diseases
			Chapter 45.27 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.28 ‘Group 5’ pulmonary hypertension due to multiple and/ or unclear mechanisms
			Chapter 45.29 Referral centres and patient education
			Chapter 45.30 Genetic counselling in precapillary pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 45.31 Risk assessment and treatment goals in patients presenting with pulmonary arterial hypertension
			Chapter 45.32 Conclusion
		SECTION 46 Diseases of the aorta
			Chapter 46.1 Introduction
			Chapter 46.2 The normal aorta
			Chapter 46.3 Aortic aneurysm: thoracic aortic aneurysm— diagnostic approach
			Chapter 46.4 Aortic aneurysm: thoracic aortic aneurysm— therapeutic options
			Chapter 46.5 Aortic aneurysm: aortic arch aneurysm
			Chapter 46.6 Aortic aneurysm: abdominal aortic aneurysm— diagnostic approach
			Chapter 46.7 Aortic aneurysm: abdominal aortic aneurysm— therapeutic options
			Chapter 46.8 Aortic sclerosis: clinical signs and diagnosis
			Chapter 46.9 Aortic sclerosis: therapy
			Chapter 46.10 Acute aortic syndrome: diagnostic strategy and clinical features
			Chapter 46.11 Acute aortic syndrome: emerging role of biomarkers
			Chapter 46.12 Acute aortic syndrome: aortic dissection— ascending aortic dissection
			Chapter 46.13 Acute aortic syndrome: aortic dissection— descending aortic dissection
			Chapter 46.14 Acute aortic syndrome: intramural haematoma
			Chapter 46.15 Penetrating aortic ulcer
			Chapter 46.16 Acute aortic syndrome: traumatic aortic injury
			Chapter 46.17 Acute aortic syndrome: iatrogenic aortic trauma
			Chapter 46.18 Genetic diseases of the aorta: chromosomal and inherited diseases
			Chapter 46.19 Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases related to Marfan syndrome and other genetic abnormalities
			Chapter 46.20 Genetic diseases of the aorta: aortic diseases associated with bicuspid aortic valves
			Chapter 46.21 Aortitis: infectious and noninfectious diseases
			Chapter 46.22 Aortic tumour
			Chapter 46.23 Longterm followup in patients with aortic diseases
			Chapter 46.24 Aortic centres
		SECTION 47 Trauma to the cardiovascular system
			Chapter 47.1 Trauma to the cardiovascular system
		SECTION 48 Noncardiac surgery
			Chapter 48.1 Introduction and epidemiology
			Chapter 48.2 Preoperative evaluation: surgical risk for cardiac events and functional capacity risk indices
			Chapter 48.3 Preoperative evaluation: biomarkers
			Chapter 48.4 Preoperative evaluation: noninvasive testing
			Chapter 48.5 Preoperative evaluation: angiography
			Chapter 48.6 Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management of cardiovascular medication
			Chapter 48.7 Risk reduction strategies: perioperative management in patients on antithrombotic therapy
			Chapter 48.8 Risk reduction strategies: coronary revascularization before noncardiac surgery
			Chapter 48.9 Specific diseases: chronic heart failure/ hypertension
			Chapter 48.10 Specific diseases: valvular heart disease
			Chapter 48.11 Specific diseases: arrhythmias
			Chapter 48.12 Specific diseases: renal disease
			Chapter 48.13 Specific diseases: stroke
			Chapter 48.14 Specific diseases: pulmonary diseases
			Chapter 48.15 Perioperative monitoring: transoesophageal echocardiography
			Chapter 48.16 Perioperative monitoring: right heart catheterization
			Chapter 48.17 Perioperative monitoring: glycaemic control
			Chapter 48.18 Perioperative monitoring: anaesthesiology
			Chapter 48.19 Conclusions and recommendations
		SECTION 49 Peripheral arterial diseases
			Chapter 49.1 Introduction
			Chapter 49.2 Epidemiology and risk factors
			Chapter 49.3 General aspects
			Chapter 49.4 Antithrombotic drugs in peripheral arterial diseases
			Chapter 49.5 Extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease
			Chapter 49.6 Upper extremity artery disease
			Chapter 49.7 Mesenteric artery disease
			Chapter 49.8 Renal artery disease
			Chapter 49.9 Lower extremity artery disease
			Chapter 49.10 Multisite artery disease
			Chapter 49.11 Cardiac conditions in peripheral arterial diseases
			Chapter 49.12 Gaps in evidence
		SECTION 50 Venous thromboembolism
			Chapter 50.1 Introduction
			Chapter 50.2 Epidemiology and socioeconomic consequences of venous thromboembolism
			Chapter 50.3 Predisposing factors for first and recurrent venous thrombosis
			Chapter 50.4 Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary embolism
			Chapter 50.5 Diagnosis: clinical prediction rules and laboratory tests
			Chapter 50.6 Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism and evolving imaging modalities
			Chapter 50.7 Prognostic assessment
			Chapter 50.8 Treatment: haemodynamic and respiratory support
			Chapter 50.9 Treatment: anticoagulation
			Chapter 50.10 Treatment: thrombolysis
			Chapter 50.11 Treatment: catheterbased intervention and inferior vena cava filters
			Chapter 50.12 Management of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy
			Chapter 50.13 Management of pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer
			Chapter 50.14 Risk of recurrence and optimal duration of anticoagulation
			Chapter 50.15 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
		SECTION 51 Venous disease
			Chapter 51.1 Epidemiology and classification of venous disease
			Chapter 51.2 Imaging for venous thrombosis
			Chapter 51.3 Venous recanalization
			Chapter 51.4 Varicose veins
			Chapter 51.5 Chronic venous insufficiency and postthrombotic syndrome
	PART 5 Specific populations - gender and race
		SECTION 52 Cardiovascular
disease in women
			Chapter 52.1 Background
			Chapter 52.2 Sex and gender differences overview
			Chapter 52.3 Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors
			Chapter 52.4 Nontraditional cardiovascular disease risk factors unique to or predominant in women
			Chapter 52.5 Cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines
			Chapter 52.6 Ischaemic heart disease in women
			Chapter 52.7 Heart failure in women
			Chapter 52.8 Valvular heart disease
			Chapter 52.9 Cardiac rehabilitation
			Chapter 52.10 Peripheral arterial disease in women
			Chapter 52.11 Future directions
		SECTION 53 Pregnancy and
heart disease
			Chapter 53.1a General considerations
			Chapter 53.1b Pregnancy risk assessment
			Chapter 53.2 Gynaecological, obstetric, and neonatological aspects
			Chapter 53.3a Congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension
			Chapter 53.3b Aortic diseases
			Chapter 53.4 Valvular heart disease
			Chapter 53.5 Ischaemic heart disease in pregnancy
			Chapter 53.6 Arrhythmias in pregnancy
			Chapter 53.7 Cardiomyopathies and heart failure
			Chapter 53.8 Hypertensive disorders
			Chapter 53.9 Venous thromboembolism in the peripartum period
			Chapter 53.10 Drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding
		SECTION 54 Ethnicity
			Chapter 54.1 Global perspectives of hypertension and cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 54.2 Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factors
			Chapter 54.3 Ethnicity and coronary artery disease
			Chapter 54.4 Ethnicity and hypertension
			Chapter 54.5 Ethnicity and cardiac arrhythmias
			Chapter 54.6 Ethnicity and heart failure
			Chapter 54.7 Ethnicity and inherited cardiac disease
			Chapter 54.8 Ethnic differences in responses to cardiovascular drugs
	PART 6 Other aspects
		SECTION 55 Sports and
heart disease
			Chapter 55.1 Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise and sport: (according to type of sport, gender, and ethnicity)
			Chapter 55.2 Clinical assessment of the athlete’s heart: normal and abnormal ECGs in athletes
			Chapter 55.3 Imaging testing for differential diagnosis of the athlete’s heart from structural cardiac diseases
			Chapter 55.4 Sudden cardiac death in athletes: implications for preparticipation evaluation and safety in sport arenas
			Prevention of sudden death in athletes
			Chapter 55.5 Exercise and sport in the management of cardiovascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypert
		SECTION 56 Elderly
			Chapter 56.1 Multimorbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly with cardiovascular diseases
			Chapter 56.2 Palliative and endoflife care in elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 56.3 Dementia and cardiovascular diseases
			Chapter 56.4 Frailty, sarcopenia, and falls in cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 56.5 Socioeconomic issues and cardiovascular disease (with emphasis on the caregivers)
			Chapter 56.6 Comprehensive geriatric assessment in cardiovascular disease
			Chapter 56.7 Degenerative cardiovascular disease in the elderly
			Chapter 56.8 Lessons from European Society of Cardiology Guidelines
			Chapter 56.9 Arterial stiffness: from isolated systolic hypertension to syncope
			Chapter 56.10 Special situations in the elderly: sport, physical activity, and travel
			Chapter 56.11 Interventions in the elderly: special considerations
		SECTION 57 Precision medicine
			Chapter 57.1 Personalized medicine: an introduction
			Chapter 57.2 Personalized management of coronary artery disease
			Chapter 57.3 Disease mechanisms guiding therapy
			Chapter 57.4 Personalized management of atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 57.5 Individualized valve therapy
			Chapter 57.6 Genetically modified animals as tools to personalize the study of arrhythmia mechanisms and treatment
			Chapter 57.7 Opportunities for personalized approaches in heart failure
			Chapter 57.8 Personalized therapies for cardiac channelopathies
		SECTION 58 Decisionmaking and Heart Team
			Chapter 58.1 The Heart Team: introduction
			Chapter 58.2 Heart Teams in coronary artery disease
			Chapter 58.3 Decisionmaking and Heart Teams in valvular heart disease: the transcatheter aortic valve implantation team model
			Chapter 58.4 Heart Teams in atrial fibrillation
			Chapter 58.5 Heart Teams in grownup congenital heart disease
			Chapter 58.6 The Heart Team: conclusions and future perspectives
		SECTION 59 Psychological factors
and heart disease
			Chapter 59.1 Introduction
			Chapter 59.2 Psychological factors and incident heart disease
			Chapter 59.3 Psychological impact of heart disease
			Chapter 59.4 Impact of psychological factors on outcomes
			Chapter 59.5 Mechanisms: psychological factors and outcomes
			Chapter 59.6 The wider psychosocial context
			Chapter 59.7 Interventions: what works for whom?
			Chapter 59.8 Clinical implications and future perspectives
			Chapter 59.9 Conclusions
			Chapter 59.10 Likely developments over the next 5– 10 years
			Chapter 59.11 Personal perspective
		SECTION 60 Interpretation of clinical trials
			Chapter 60.1 Trial design from a clinical perspective
			Chapter 60.2 Clinical trial design: statistical issues
			Chapter 60.3 Reporting cardiovascular clinical trials
			Chapter 60.4 Principles and methods of intervention research
			Chapter 60.5 Interpretation
			Chapter 60.6 Metaanalysis
		SECTION 61 Environment
			Chapter 61.2 Introduction
			Chapter 61.1 Summary
			Chapter 61.3 Pathophysiology of noiseinduced cardiovascular diseases
			Chapter 61.4 Pathophysiology of air pollutionmediated cardiovascular events
			Chapter 61.5 Epidemiology of traffic noise and cardiometabolic disease
			Chapter 61.6 Epidemiology of air pollution and cardiometabolic diseases
			Chapter 61.7 Strategies to mitigate cardiovascular effects of noise and air pollution
			Chapter 61.8 Future perspectives
			Chapter 61.10 Development and challenges over the next decade
			Chapter 61.9 Conclusions
		SECTION 62 Occupational and regulatory aspects
			Chapter 62.1 Occupational risk factors for heart disease
			Chapter 62.2 Regulations concerning individual risk and public safety
		SECTION 63 Economics and costeffectiveness
			Chapter 63.1 Introduction to health economics and costeffectiveness of cardiovascular prevention
			Chapter 63.2 Health and economic impact of nonadherence to preventative cardiovascular medicines
			Chapter 63.3 Economics of new therapies in electrophysiology
			Chapter 63.4 Medical economics and interventional cardiology
			Chapter 63.5 Economics of new therapies for heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and hypercholesterolaemia
	APPENDICES
		Appendix 1 Cardiovascular disease risk estimation
		Appendix 2 Patient reported outcome measures
	Index